what was it like for jewish people to live under nazi occupation
1933–39
In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews by religious definition lived in Federal republic of germany. Over half of these individuals, approximately 304,000 Jews, emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship, leaving only approximately 214,000 Jews in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World State of war II.
In the years between 1933 and 1939, the Nazi government had brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. Six years of Nazi-sponsored legislation had marginalized and disenfranchised Germany's Jewish citizenry and had expelled Jews from the professions and from commercial life. By early on 1939, only about 16 percent of Jewish breadwinners had steady employment of whatsoever kind. Thousands of Jews remained interned in concentration camps following the mass arrests in the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Dark of the Broken Glass) in November 1938.
World State of war 2
Yet the most drastic changes for the German language Jewish community came with Globe State of war 2 in Europe. In the early state of war years, the newly transformed Reich Clan of Jews in Germany (Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Germany), led by prominent Jewish theologian Leo Baeck but subject to the demands of Nazi High german authorities, worked to organize further Jewish emigration, to back up Jewish schools and cocky-help organizations, and to help the German Jewish community contend with an ever-growing mass of discriminatory legislation.
Following the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939, the government imposed new restrictions on Jews remaining in Deutschland. 1 of the first wartime ordinances imposed a strict curfew on Jewish individuals and prohibited Jews from inbound designated areas in many German cities. One time a general nutrient rationing began, Jews received reduced rations; farther decrees limited the time periods in which Jews could purchase food and other supplies and restricted access to certain stores, with the result that Jewish households often faced shortages of the most basic essentials.
German government also demanded that Jews relinquish property "essential to the war effort" such as radios, cameras, bicycles, electrical appliances, and other valuables, to local officials. In September 1941, a decree prohibited Jews from using public transportation. In the same month came the notorious edict requiring Jews over the age of six to vesture the xanthous Jewish Star (Magen David) on their outermost garment. While ghettos were generally not established in Germany, strict residence regulations forced Jews to live in designated areas of German language cities, concentrating them in "Jewish houses" ("Judenhäuser"). German authorities issued ordinances requiring Jews fit for work to perform compulsory forced labor.
In early 1943, as German regime implemented the concluding major deportations of German Jews to Theresienstadt or Auschwitz, High german justice authorities enacted a mass of laws and ordinances legitimizing the Reich's seizure of their remaining property and regulating its distribution amongst the German population. The persecution of Jews by legal decree ended with a July 1943 ordinance removing Jews entirely from the protection of High german law and placing them nether the direct jurisdiction of the Reich Security Main Function (Reichssicherheitshauuptamt-RSHA).
Deportations
The showtime deportations of Jews from the Reich—Jews from areas recently annexed by Germany—began in October 1939 as function of the Nisko, or Lublin, Programme. This deportation strategy envisioned a Jewish "reservation" in the Lublin District of the Government Full general (that function of German-occupied Poland not directly annexed to the Reich). Adolf Eichmann, the German RSHA official who would later on organize the deportation of and then many of Europe'south Jewish communities to ghettos and killing centers, coordinated the transfer of some 3,500 Jews from Moravia in the erstwhile Czechoslovakia, from Katowice (then Kattowitz) in German-annexed Silesia, and from the Austrian capital, Vienna, to Nisko on the San River. Although problems with the displacement effort and a change in High german policy put an end to these deportations, Eichmann's superiors in the RSHA were sufficiently satisfied with his initiative to ensure that he would play a part in future deportation proceedings.
In addition, RSHA officials coordinated the deportation of approximately 100,000 Jews from German-annexed Polish territory (the and so-called province of Danzig-West Prussia, District Wartheland, and East Upper Silesia) into the Government General in the autumn and wintertime of 1939–1940. In Oct 1940, Gauleiter Josef Bürckel ordered the expulsion of virtually seven,000 Jews from Baden and the Saarpfalz in southwestern Germany to areas of unoccupied France in a 2nd deportation of German Jews. French authorities speedily absorbed almost of these German Jews in the Gurs internment camp in the Pyrenees of southwestern France.
Upon Hitler's authorization, German authorities began systematic deportations of Jews from Germany in October 1941, fifty-fifty before the SS and law established killing centers ("extermination camps") in German-controlled Poland. Pursuant to the Eleventh Prescript of Germany's Reich Citizenship Law (November 1941), German Jews "deported to the E" suffered automatic confiscation of their holding upon crossing the Reich frontier.
Between October and December 1941, German language government deported around 42,000 Jews from the so-called Greater German Reich—including Republic of austria and the annexed Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia—nearly all to ghettos in Lodz, Minsk, Kovno (Kaunas, Kovne), and Riga. German Jews sent to Lodz in 1941 and to Warsaw, the Izbica and Piaski transit ghettos and other locations in the Generalgouvernement in the commencement half of 1942 numbered among those deported together with Shine Jews to the killing centers of Chelmno (Kulmhof), Treblinka, and Belzec.
German language government deported more than than 50,000 Jews from the so-called Greater High german Reich to ghettos in the Baltic states and Belorussia (today Belarus) between early Nov 1941 and late Oct 1942. There the SS and police force shot the overwhelming majority of them. After selecting a minor minority to survive temporarily for exploitation as forced laborers, the SS and police force interned them in special High german sections of the Baltic and Belarusian ghettos, segregated from those few local Jews whose survival the SS and police had permitted, generally to exploit special occupational skills.
Such "High german ghettos" within a larger ghetto framework existed notably in Riga and in Minsk. SS and police officials killed almost of these German Jews when they liquidated the ghettos in 1943. Afterward late October 1942, the German regime deported the bulk of Jews remaining in Germany straight to the killing center at Auschwitz-Birkenau or to Theresienstadt.
German language regulations initially exempted High german Jewish war veterans and elderly persons over the age of sixty-five, besides as Jews living in mixed marriages ("privileged marriages") with High german "Aryans" and the offspring of those marriages from anti-Jewish measures, including deportations. In the end, German officials deported disabled and highly decorated Jewish war veterans besides as elderly or prominent Jews from so-chosen Greater High german Reich and the High german-occupied Netherlands to the Theresienstadt (Terezin) ghetto near Prague. Although the SS used the ghetto as a showcase to portray the fiction of "humane" handling of Jews, Theresienstadt in actuality represented a fashion station for nigh Jews en route to their deportation "to the due east." The SS and police routinely relocated Jews from Theresienstadt, including German Jews, to killing centers and killing sites in German-occupied Poland, Belorussia, and the Baltic States. More than than 30,000 died in the Theresienstadt ghetto itself, mostly from starvation, illness, or maltreatment.
In May 1943, Nazi German regime reported that the Reich was judenrein ("gratis of Jews"). By this time, mass deportations had left fewer than xx,000 Jews in Federal republic of germany. Some survived because they were married to non-Jews or considering race laws classified them every bit Mischlinge (of mixed beginnings, or part Jewish) and were thus temporarily exempt from displacement. Others, called "U-Boats" or "submarines," lived in hiding and evaded arrest and deportation, often with the assistance of not-Jewish Germans who sympathized with their plight.
In all, the Germans and their collaborators killed between 160,000 and 180,000 German Jews in the Holocaust, including nearly of those Jews deported out of Germany.
Source: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-jews-during-the-holocaust
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